Relational Skills Reflection Paper Essay Example for Free

Relational Skills Reflection Paper EssayThe purpose of this paper is to allow me, the learner to analyze and reflect on a video created between an actor and themselves. Using my friendship obtained I was to effectively incorporate trust, respect, honesty and effective communication, as they are key principles in establishing a relationship with a client (RNAO, 2002). During this live on, I encountered an issue that I believe is significant in my increasement as a nurse. I was move into a scenario involving a 47 year old affected role named John, who was waiting to be discharged aft(prenominal) suffering his first content attack. Finding the patient roles quietly sitting in a chair watching the floor as I entered the room, I felt the necessity to be in the moment with him. The issue that seemed significant to pay care to in this scenario was my patients feelings of being overwhelmed by his medical exam condition and the changes that needed to be made (Appendix A). Sittin g within good distance and showing respect fit ashes language showed him respect, while acknowledging he had my full attention was displayed to the patient by making comments much(prenominal) as yes and I understand (Appendix A). Through the use of open-ended questions, I was capable to identify what was meaningful and concerning to john.John showed a lot of concern around his exponent to care for himself so this doesnt happen again, and being able to support his family (Appendix A). Knowing his concerns, I was then able to acquire the necessary knowledge needed to participate effectively in our nurse-client relationship (RNAO). This watch has allowed me to interrupt further in my role as a nurse. My patients comment on how our encounter gave him more encouragement to face his challenges was proof that my communication methods were effective in developing a remediation relationship (Appendix A). The opportunity to set aside my own concerns and focusing on the patients, allowed me to be in the moment with the patients. In those moments, the pay back helped me require a better nurse as my actions made me feel more confident after each successful encounter. Watching his facial expressions and drafting in his positive responses allowed me to watch him develop confidence in my ability to care and in turn, allowed me to develop confidence in myself (Appendix A).The significant actors in this experience were the individual playing the part of John and myself, the nurse attending to the patients needs. My role in the scenario was to identify the concerns of the patient and help them to obtain knowledge. Providingresources for my patient gave him options that were specific to his concerns such as a well balanced diet and proper exercise. The options of meeting with a nutritionist to help make healthy meal choices, and with a physiotherapist to help develop custom exercises to take with him on the road further John to change his routines (Appendix A). Taking note of my patients feelings of being overwhelmed by his heart attack, I was able to give him some comfort when offering to find an individual recovering from a heart attack that would be willing to sit conquer and share their life stories and methods of coping (Appendix A). The patients role in this experience was to help create a alterative relationship.I first observed my patient with her ordnance and legs crossed and staring down at the floor with concerned look on his face (Appendix A). Comparing the first image to the end of the scenario showed an individual that was enkindle in making a change, a smile on his face and as he stated, an encouraged intuition of his health (Appendix A). The client was in need of direction and help with making the appropriate changes to ensure a healthy lifestyle after having his heart attack. I was able to provide her with resources such as a nutritionist, physiotherapist and social support to adjust to life changes (Appendix A). While meeti ng the needs of my patient, I was successful in completing my own private needs. Coming into the experience with knowledge of possible resources available, the anxiety present upon introduction had disappeared after gaining acceptance from my patient through and through effective communication. The development of a therapeutic relationship allowed both the patient and I to gain from the experience. The patient left feeling encouraged and satisfied, as I felt successful and confident in how I handled the military position (appendix A).Before the taping of the scenario began, I was trying to achieve the perfect scenario while presenting a professional image of a nurse. I acted the demeanor I did due to the lack of experience in the spotlight and I allowed my nerves affect my thought process. This is demonstrated throughout the entire video as I kept returning to the same question are there either concerns you buzz off, and trying to work the patients problem instead of helping them understand and eff with the emotions that are attached to the experience (Appendix A). My feelings, thoughts and responses during this experience were influencedby my personal view and the presence of my preceptor located me in a nervous state to which I became unsure of how to respond properly to my patients thoughts. This experience allowed me to feel capable of my skill levels and feel confident as a nurse. Overall this scenario showed perception of my growth through the friendly gestures and facial expressions of the patient.Anxiety and stress diminish communication, interpersonal effectiveness and empathy within a nurse-patient relationship (Beddoe and Murphy, 2004). Lack the knowledge and understanding of why I am feeling this anxiety, even with positive reflections on my experience, allowed me to evaluate what I did wrong. Future encounters will help me to reflect on the scenario and blindside my anxiety forrader it has an effect on my actions. Having a limited amount of empirical knowledge made it challenging to let the patient know exactly what to expect after having a heart attack and what daily routines have to be adjusted. Obtaining empirical knowledge from my education regarding the components of a nurse-client relationship reminded me that I needed to place the designer into my patient and develop respect and trust within the relationship (CNO, 2004).Personal knowledge was limited in this scenario as it was my first time being placed in the spotlight with a patient and I was unsure of how everything would unfold. Introducing my aesthetic knowledge was shown when I offered to find John an individual recovering from a heart attack that he could speak with (Appendix A). Throughout the experience, I became more aware of the patients feelings as I picked up on Johns overwhelmed feelings and concerns around providing for his wife and son (Appendix A).This perception of the experience is seen as John believe that he should have seen the heart a ttack coming before it occurred (Appendix A). He stated the he felt encouraged by this experience and felt he had more options to seek. The wife was more of a background actor, but was said to be a sweet woman, who has helped a lot throughout the experience (Appendix A). Valuing ones beliefs and concerns based on an experience is something all nurses should consider. Giving John sixfold options and resources to consider instead of telling him what he has to do, have given him the power to make all the necessary changes within his life with the help of his wife and son (Appendix A).If I was given the opportunity to be placed in a similar situation in thefuture, I believe that my anxiety would still be present, but more control over the situation would be noticeable due to the knowledge I have developed on therapeutic relationships. The relationship skills that I could have performed differently during this experience, was my self- sensory faculty of human emotions. My nerves had pla yed a role in distracting my train of thought when trying to be in the moment with the patient. Repeatedly asking the patient if he had any other concerns he would like to address may have given him the feeling of being rushed and that I was not fire in how he was feeling emotionally (Appendix A). On a few occasions, I would finish my patients sentence for him as I felt he was stuck for words, this may have allowed the patient to know I was listening to what he was saying, but also might have given him the idea that I was being rude (Appendix A).During the introduction act of the experience, my patient told me he was in the hospital due to a heart attack. Empathy is the appreciation of the patients emotions and expression of awareness of what they are presenting (Haslam, 2007). My nerves caused me to overlook his feelings and just cover into asking him about any concerns he might have with his state of health (Appendix A). It is possible to slip into a task-and time-orientated wa y of thinking to get jobs done, thereby neglecting effective communication with patients (Cocker, 2008).Consequences that may have developed from overlooking the patients feelings was the challenge of developing a closer relationship with the client as I was interested in obtaining information to help me solve his problems. Rushing my patient through the experience may have caused him to close himself off from the relationship as he may have felt that I was not listening to what he was truly feeling. This would leave the patient in the same state he had entered the experience with. The sources of knowledge that I could use to enhance my relational skills in these areas, is to take the time to practice with a partner a variety of scenarios that would help me develop my communication skills and place more focus on the patients feelings.The outcome of this experience was positive as my patient left feeling more encouraged and had obtained multiple resources to help him incorporate any changes that he may need to adjust within his daily routines (Appendix A). Looking back at this experience I was able to reflect on all of the positiveand negative aspects of a therapeutic relationship. I feel that the next time I am placed in a similar experience, I will be able to blindside my anxiety and personal thoughts and feelings. In turn, I would have the ability to be in the moment with my patients and address not only how I can help solve his problems, but also the feelings and thoughts being experienced. I have learnt that having self awareness identifies what skills I possess and those I need to learn and develop on. Self awareness provides nurses with knowledge of their thoughts, feelings and what they do to become awareness of issues that may affect their ability to intervene effectively (Parsons White, 2008). There will always be room to learn and improve my skills, and with practice, I will get the chance to watch them become second nature to me.This experience has taught me to avoid all the barriers such as the presence of anxiety in new situations. With confidence in creating an effective therapeutic relationship, I can focus on being in the moment with the patient. I have learnt that my anxiety can affect my interactions with patients, and that it is more than trying to solve the patients problems, it is about showing you care and being there in the moment to listen. This experience has allowed me to realize how a nurses action can affect the development of a therapeutic relationship. My ethical knowledge allowed me to recognize my patients overwhelmed feelings due to his health condition and by following my values and beliefs, I knew that he was in need of soul to care and help guide him in the right direction. Using my aesthetic knowledge, I was able to think of possible resources for my patient, and the creative idea of finding a previous heart attack patient showed my patient that I was willing to take that extra step and comfort his feelings.The knowledge gained from this experience can be incorporated into future situations and will allow for proper adjustments and better relationships to be developed. Lacking empirical knowledge before entering the scenario was a barrier that challenged my patient care. Knowing more information on heart attacks would have allowed me to present the patient with more options and what he could expect in the future (RNAO, 2002). Acknowledging my personal knowledge gathered from previous experiences, I considered how I would like to be treated and that anxiety would be present. Knowing this helped me to reduce my fidgeting and respect my patient by actively listening and keeping eye contact (Appendix A). This experiencewill influence my future practice as a nurse because I have learnt that nurse is more than working on fixing the patients physical needs, but is more of an ethical interaction where you can take the time to be there in the moment with them. Looking at each experien ce as a stepping stone toward my success as a nurse and with each successful bank vault crossed, I can confidently await the next.ReferenceBeddoe, A., and Murphy, S. (2004). Does Mindfulness Decrease Stress and Foster Empathy Among Nursing Students? Journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305-12. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing consort health Source database. (Document ID 669281021).Carper, B.A. (1978) Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing. New York. Aspen Publishers, Inc.Cocker, J. (2008). Patient dignity. Nursing Standard, 22(25), 59-60. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database. (Document ID 1440306621).College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), (2004, January). CNO Practice Standard Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http//cno.org/docs/prac/41033_Therapeutic.pdfHaslam, N. (2007). Humanising medical practice the role of empathy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), 381-2. Retrieved April 4, 2 008, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database. (Document ID 1374608891).Parsons,A., and White, J. (2008). Learning from reflection on intramuscular injections. Nursing Standard, 22(17), 35-40. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database. (Document ID 1413949861).Registered Nurses of Ontario (RNAO), (2002, Novemeber). Best Practice Guidelines Establishing Therapeutic Relationships. Retrieved January 15, 2008 from http//www.rnao.org/bestpractices/completed_guidelines/BPG_Guide_C2_TR.asp

Everyman-a Medieval Play Review Essay Example for Free

Everyman-a Medieval Play Review EssaySummary Everyman is a turn which was indite to express the importance of morality, to whoever read it or experienced it be performed on stage. Some pupils say that it was written whatsoevertime in the after-hours 1400s, while others insist that it is a displacement reaction of a Flemish toy called Elckerlijc, which was written by Peter van Diest in 1495. Everyman is an allegory play which is heavily based upon Christian ghostlike perspectives also it is resoundingly similar to the Christian vox populi of the resurrection of Christ, and his ascension into Heaven, after the crucifixion. The first act of Everyman, opens with a prologue which takes on the form of a messenger, telling the audience about the fate which is to come to Everyman. The messenger goes on to tell the audience that eventually immortal will call upon all of kindity to stand before him, and give account of their works which they had wrought in life. The next part o f the play is God calling upon Death, to go and bring Everyman to stand before him. God commands Death to go and bring Everyman before him, so that he may give account of his own misdeeds that he has wrought in life. So Death goes and finds Everyman, and tells him that his time has come.Everyman then attempts to bribe Death with a thousand pounds, but Death refuses. However, he states that he will allow Everyman to bring nighone with him, so that he does non form to face his appraisal alone. Everyman first goes to Fellowship, whom represents friends and companions and asks him to accompany him to go and stand before the judgment God. Fellowship, whom had promised to stand besides Everyman through whatever may come tells Everyman that he will non go with him to the grave, because he fears Death and the judgment of God. Everyman is heartbroken, but then goes on to the next in line.Everyman then goes to Kindred and Cousin, which are supposed to represent family and family line bu t they too tell him that they will not accompany him on his way to the grave. Thirdly, Everyman turns to bang-ups, which represents material possessions nonetheless she also states that she will not go with Everyman to his final judgment. Everyman is very concerned by this point, and so he turns to Good Deeds for companionship. Good Deeds states that she will go with Everyman to face his judgment with him but regrettably she lacks the strength for such a journey, because Everymanhas neglected her throughout his life.Good Deeds tells Everyman that he must then go before her sister, Knowledge for she will bop the way in which Good Deeds may regain strength. Upon meeting Knowledge, she tells Everyman that he must go before Confession and there Everyman confesses his sins. Afterward, Confession gives Everyman a jewel called Penance which cleanses Everyman of his sins, so that he may stand before God and not be in jeopardy of damnation. With his confession behind him, Good Deeds regai ns his strength, and is ready to accompany Everyman to the grave.Knowledge then tells Everyman to gather together his attributes of life Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits so that they too may accompany him to his figuring with God. But when Everyman gathers them together, they tell him that they will not go with him to the grave essentially because they are all exampleistics of youth, which are all now fleeting from him, as he has the end of life. With that, Knowledge, and Good Deeds accompany Everyman to his final reckoning with God.There enters the character angel Knowledge then attests to Angel that Everyman was a good and clean person, and in the end, he confessed his sins before God. Then Everyman and Good Deeds go down into the grave, and thus draw their way to stand before God in the final judgment of Everyman. Fundamentally, this play ends with the character, Doctor, stating that all accept Good Deeds and Knowledge will all flee from a person, when they go befo re God for their final judgment. *** Issues in Raised in Key Resources There are several let out issues which were raised by the scholars that wrote the major resources which I use to keep this report.This play has received a moderate amount of favoriteity over the past near 500 years and now today there are few scholars and researchers whom are exceptionally critical, both positively and negatively, of the details as to how it was written. One criticism of note would have to be one which was voiced by doubting Thomas F van Laan. In referring to the general premise of Everyman, he contends of the writer that His speech is essentially negative he focuses solely on the inevitability of demolition and the destructiveness of sin.Simply put, Mr. van Laan is stating that at first, the sole purpose of this work appears to emphasize specifically on death and how mankind should feel only melancholy for anything that they do, which goes against the teachings of Christianity. Another cri ticism of this work which Mr. van Laan refers to is the point in the beginning when God first speaks. Mr. Van Laan states Gods words are wholly negative in force, implying only the difficulty to come, omitting any indication of hope for mankind.Mr.van Laan is voicing this criticism on the opening section of the play, fundamentally about how he considers Gods words to be too negative in their approach. In expressing this condemnation, Mr. van Laan is adamant about his beliefs that God would probably not be so upsetting in his approach to dealing with mankind.However not all that Mr. van Laan has to say about Everyman is negative in nature. He goes on to shed clean-living on the allegory nature of the play, and how this lends credence to its being a unique, legitimate work of theater. He contends that The first movement, is a falling action, which traces Everymans decline in fortune.This shatters the apparent serenity of his life, to the depth of his despairfallowed by the second mo vement, a rising action, which carries him from this nadir unto his final buybackwhich is symbolized by the words of the welcoming Angel. It is my belief, that essentially what Mr. van Laan is stating, is that by use actual characters to personify the specific aspects of human nature the persona of the play becomes a two-fold endeavor. Firstly, by the characters being real representations of human qualities they achieve a form of realism, which is normally only conveyed through the use of spoken dialog.Secondly, the movements themselves-transpiring from a state of utter despair, to a state of harmonious bliss is not only characteristic of all great works of drama, but also of life itself. Throughout Mr. van Laans review of Everyman, he states his opinion that by the seed using characters to represent the individual aspects of human identity the play conveys a form of realism, which is distinctly unique. succeeding(prenominal) brings us to the arguments made by the researcher Rog er A. Ladd. His belief is that this play was not written for the everyday person, but was in fact written to be a work which would have been performed for the bourgeoisie.His causeing stems from research which had been done by scholar Dorothy Wertz the same scholar who also believes that Everyman was probably written strictly to be performed for the elite rich. In her research, Mrs. Wertz points to the fact that by simply examining the vocabulary and phrases used in the original piece, one can determine whom the play had been written for. In that, she states that the wording itself would have been too formal for ordinary citizens of the time period to ascertain. However, unlike Mrs.Wertz, who believes that Everyman is specifically nothing more than a direct translation of Elckerlijc Mr. Ladd assumes that it is an amalgamation of Elckerlijc and other English literary customs of the era. Mr. Ladds purported theory was reached in part, by investigating the traits of the character Go ods, and comparing them with the English anti-mercantile satire traditions which were popular in the late- gothic period. An example of which being, that in the Germanic-Dutch based Elckerlijc, Goods is described as appearing as Neglected, rusty.. . heaped up, filthy. However in Everyman as Mr. Ladd purports, Goods appears in a more English anti-mercantile manner as being trussed and piled so high, and in chest I am locked so fast, also sacked in bags. The Everyman description, falls in line with the late-medieval literary tradition of anti-mercantilism which according to Mr. Ladd, comes as proof that Everyman could not have been strictly just an English translation of Elckerlijc. Another scholar whom is acquiescent in his research of Everyman is Lawrence V. Ryan. Mr.Ryan takes an approach, which seems to be more about discerning the religious implications of the play Everyman. The first point that Mr. Ryan makes is that Without theology, the artistic merit may not be fully appreci atedthat the theology involved is indispensable, not indefensible, and furthermore, that it gives the play its characters, structure, significance, and even its dramatic impressiveness. One of the main points which all three scholars harbour upon is that by being deserted by all those whom Everyman turns to for help the audience develops a strong sense of pathos, for the plight of Everyman. Mr.Ryan suggests that the emergence of these false-friend characters all appear in a climactic arrange, according to the increased danger of each as a distraction from ones Maker. Finally, Mr. Ryan gives his opinion about the reason why all the characters that abandon Everyman, as well as Everyman himself, are all men and why the only characters that accompany him are women. In essence, the logic behind this as Mr. Ryan contends is that All men are born into a state of sinand that for dramatic suspense the seed chose to have the only deliver characters be womento show that women can counterac t this dogma.Personal Reaction to Everyman My personal opinion of this particular play is one of high appreciation. Unlike some(a) of the reviews of scholars which I have read, which did not display too much positive reception for this work I personally enjoyed reading it, and doing my report on this play. When I first tried to read the Old-English original version of this play, I found it incredibly hard to ascertain what exactly the meaning was behind what the author had written. distinctly it was difficult for me when trying to use the un-translated Everyman, as Old-English is a version of our language, which has been out-of-date for centuries.When I found the translated version of Everyman on the Fordham University website and began reading it, I almost direct thought that it had been a work which had been written by either someone whom was a priest, or had been another member of the Christian church in some capacity. Another notion which I had was that if the play had not bee n written by someone who was a church member, then it obviously had to have been written by someone whom had some form of agenda for getting people involved with the Christian church in some form or another.Perhaps the author had a legitimate reason for wanting people to become more involved with the church or to become closer to god in some fashion. On the other hand, perhaps there was a more sinister motive like getting more people into the flock of the church, in order to acquire more money flowing into their coffers. Personally, I think that it was a combination of both motives, and that whoever had wrote this play, also had a genuine interest in using a popular mode of expression.Or perhaps the author wanted to show that by turning away from the sins of the flesh that a person could put on a state of consciousness, which could bring them closer to a higher form of enlightenment. No matter what the personal objectives were for its creation, one thing remains clear this was tha t the author of this particular piece was incredibly ahead of his time. From what I have examined in doing research for this report project in reading other plays that date from the late medieval age, I can honestly say with a certainty, that I have not read anything that dates from this period, which is as unique as this.The usage of human emotions and possessions being personified into literal characters is uniquely a modern notion and from what I have found, does not appear to have been done in a histrionics piece until sometime around 18th or 19th century. This plot construction is something which I have seen in movies and television shows which are much more recent, than something that dates from the late medieval period. One example that immediately comes to mind is Charles Dickens Christmas Carol although not entirely the same in primary foundation, the underlying precept is similar.Some of the scholars that I read about, that reviewed this work were quick to dismiss it as b eing either frivolity, or simply nothing more than an act of religious propaganda. I have to disagree with both sides I feel that this is a excellent illustration of late medieval/early modern era theatrical work, which will more than likely see its relevance come again. Summary of key scholarship on this play The first denomination which I used to review for this report on the play Everyman was a modern-English translation, of the late medieval original version of the play.This particular article didnt offer any shrewdness into it, as in scholar reviews but it was extremely helpful in writing my summary of the play. Without this article, I am not sure if I would have been able to do this research project on this particular play, as I would not have been able to even ascertain what it was about. The next article which I used to write this report was written by Roger Ladd. Mr. Ladd took a definitively scholarly approach to conducting his research.Some of the main issues which he de cided to confront were how the play Everyman deals with the religious implications of how material wealth corrupts the good intentions of mankind. Ladd went into detail, comparing the details of Everyman, to other plays of similar genera that date from the period. He explains about how most everyday citizens of the late medieval period, looked at the assemblage of material wealth, as the path to avarice, which puts their immortal souls in jeopardy.Like many other scholars whom have written journals about the morality plays, Ladd believes that in order to find out whom the plays written for, one has to look into the wording of the work by doing this, he states that it becomes apparent who the target was. For example Everyman, when the main character is forced to give up his worldly possessions it is written to appear as if this could have been the most dastardly thing which could have occurred in his life. Other key scholarship reviews of this play, comes from the scholarly works of Lawrence V. Ryan.Ryan takes an approach to his research, which is concerned with how organized religion is suspect in this play. One of his main thesis is about how in the play, Everyman attains salvation through his own works, and not by the salvation which comes from God. He talks about how many religious figures were quick to label Everyman as a work of unholy declarations and that how many of these religious leaders informed members of their churches that they would be in danger of hell by going to watch a performance of Everyman. Ryan is perhaps the most non-forgiving of the three scholars that I chose to use.Mostly, he tries to make it known that he is of the opinion that Everyman was only an English translation of the Dutch work Elckerlijc. He does not make use of very much authentic information to make this claim, he simply relies on paraphrasing works which had been written by other scholars. Next, I used the research from the scholar Thomas F. vanLaan. VanLaan goes into de tail describing the individual characters of Everyman. Noteworthy, is how he explains the nature of these characters, and how they relate to the human experience.Differing from the other scholars whom I referenced in this report, Mr.vanLaan gives a very logical accounting of why the author chose to incorporate inanimate human natures, as the title characters for this play. The choices for the human failings and material wealth, was carefully used to make the play appeal to nearly everyone whom would have watched its production.An example being, of how Everyman had acquired material goods in his life, which would have appealed to the rich while on the other hand, Everyman losing his material possessions would have gained the thanksgiving of the poor which might have been in the audience.However, I never found one scholarly review, which did not offer at least one approbation about this great play. Endnotes *** Paul Halsall, Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Medieval Handbook Everyman, 15th Century, Fordham University (August 1998) (Accessed on October 20th, 2010) http//www. fordham. edu/halsall/basis/everyman. html The entire summary which I wrote was based upon the modern-English translation of Everyman, which was available online at the Fordham University site.

Benefits of Training Employees in an Organization

Benefits of Training Employees in an OrganizationThe aim of this paper is to identify all in that respect is to know about hang backing, the impact it has on twain unshakables and employees and then, the reason why, although it is beneficial provision to business growth, still some organisations and individuals ar not volitioning to accept the idea of investing in fostering and development. In severalise to come to that claim, it is necessary to put forward first the cost-effectiveness of educational activity and development, by which methods it gutter be reinsured, and the involvement of bringing up in an organisations prosperity and even more, when it has to do with the integration in a international commercialise.To begin properly, it should be noticed that homework at any aim and in whatever normal this can carry away, could provoke only positive aspect. Considering that, cooking means investing in people to enable them perform better and to empower them to make the best physical exertion of their natural abilities (Armstrong, 1996 2003). Through the practice of a range of activities, it is trustd that learning is an important clue here, as a means for developing a mellow public presentation culture and achieving businesss matched advantage (Pieper, 1990, Salaman, 1992, Tyson, 1996). This appear clearly from the below definitions of knowledge.According to Heevy and Noon (2001), leading is the process of changing the skills, attitudes, and companionship of employees with the purpose of improving their level of competence. It is a planned process, usually involving a series of stages where incremental improvements can be identified. It takes two main focus 1) on the job training whereby an employee observe the tasks, being guided through them by experts, and then practising them. 2) Off the job training whereby an employee is instructed away from the place of make, either in a training board on the premises or at a separate locati on. This training is more often theory based and might even take the form of self learning packages (Heevy and Noon, 2001). Furthermore, as Manpower Services Commission defined training in 1981, it is the following A planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose, in the work situation, is to develop the abilities of the individual and to satisfy the current and future manpower needs of the organization. Seeing the definition of the training from the perspective of education as Smith position it Development refers to the growth of realization of a persons ability, through conscious or unconscious education, where education is activities which aim at developing the knowledge, skills, moral values and thought required in all aspects of life, quite than a knowledge and skill relating to only a circumscribed field of activity (Smith, 1992).Besides the defi nition of training, the mention of the potential benefits for both employees and debaucheds and from which methods these are derived, is essential in order to down the stairsstand why training is so important for the business (Lonr, 1990, Murray, 2007). It is worthwhile to point that it cannot be any development without the training procedure. As it has already been mentioned, training aims to develop employees competences and to improve their performance but in addition, to reduce the learning judgment of conviction needed for employees offset in a new job on appointment, transfer or promotion and to ensure that they will become fully competent as cursorily and economically as possible (J. Swart et al, 2005). When a training programme being used effectively, then the benefits for employees are numerous and are illustrated on firms performance. It also helps to manage changes and provide to employees the knowledge and skills they need to adjust with new situations and work dema nds, as surface as to adopt new technologies and methods, to be innovative (Armstrong, 2003). In that way, employees motivation is increased and the same goes to efficiencies in processes resulting in firms financial gain while employees turnover is being reduced. Highly trained workforce provides higher levels of serve up to customers which enhance companys image (Mullins, 2007).The cost-effectiveness of training is a vital element because it can help the line manager to establish credibility, to reveal the value of the training by achieving both operational savings and increases in firms revenue then, enforce the organization to look training more as an investment and less as a dispensable cost of operation. By training their employees, companies maximise the potential of this investment (Campbell, 1995). In order to improve the skills of its valet de chambre resource, an organization can either train its existing employees or recruit pre-skilled labor forces that have been tr ained elsewhere (Booth, 1998 Jameson, 2000).The importance of investment in training and development is matter of whether a firm is treating its employees as a resource or as a cost (Tysson, 1996 Long, 1990 Jackson, 1989 Jameson, 2000). By exploiting the meaning of each word that consists Human Resource Management tender implies the workforce, resource implies investment, management implies development (Sisson, 1989). It is demonstrated that the consideration of human asset as investment for the firm through strategic development can maximize its potential, and the training is the tool that can provide it. So, companies with unwillingness to consider employees as investment, can simply be called not HRM practicing. In adverse, companies reluctant to invest in their human resources, rely on a short-term human asset, which, mainly, is low skilled training, less loyalty to its work and easy replaceable due to the dishonor cost of loss for the firm (Harzing, 1995 Jameson, 2000 Mullins , 2007).Most managers recognize the vital role that continuous learning plays in todays merchandiseplace in order to maximize companys competitive advantage (Harzing, 1995 Gordon, 1991). However, some managers are reluctant to invest in their employees and train them. The reasons why is happening are variable.The market from its own, in which each company is doing business, infer any potential training (Booth, 1994 Graven, 1998). More specific, the market is divided to the primary labour market, where jobs tend to be supplied by large, highly profitable firms with high uppercase to labour ratio and high productivity. Here, production is usually large scale with high investment in technology with more opportunities for training. The secondary labour market includes small firms with low capital to labour ratio, low productivity and small scale production. In these firms, wage and skill levels tend to be low, employment is unassured and training opportunities are usually limited. S ignificantly, small businesses experience problems in providing training for both owner-managers and workers. (Curran et al., 1996)Reasons for not providing such training are that companies do not believe in the effectiveness of training and they do not consider it as a big component for a better performance. Hence, when profits are under pressure or other developments are on stake, the most third estate reaction is to cut training fund. Also, recruiting skilled labor is more economical than practicing training and development policies. But they neglect that teamwork, employees initiatives, people talents are all part of the financial model and when these figures are maximized the same goes with the business economic growth (Bentley, 1991 Campell, 1995) conventional styles of management based on authoritarian, non-participatory tenets of employees and managers who have grown up in a system like this, is unlikely to be ready to abandon old(prenominal) tried and trusted methods and be welcomed to a better trained, self reliant and questioning human force (Sisson, 1989).Some of them claim that there is limited time for the practice of training program. Indeed, a training program to be effective needs a lot of both employers and employees time and commitment, it also may take all employees job-life to be efficient. Job conditions change constantly in the business environment, so the continuous learning is required but nobody has the state or the emotional strength to be in a training position all the time. In that point, there are two categories that can be high-and-mighty (Armstrong, 2003 Murray, 2007 Currie, 1997).Employers that do not believe in the importance of the process and employees that do not find interest to be trained, specifically if they have obtained a high image in the firm and they are known for their distinctive qualifications. Contrary to that, some employees loss to develop their skills and knowledge whereby they will contribute to their companys success (Keep, 1989). They want training but their managers do not want to be confronted by this task, they are unwillingness to try, and simply they avoid it.From the perspective of the length of a training program, which could take weeks, months or even the entire career of the employees it can be a major expense especially for firms with traditionally high turnover. Besides, the common intuitive feeling that is the responsibility of the school system to train people to be workers and is the workers responsibility to learn how to do a job so they can get hired is another reason why employers not practice their manpower (Collin, 2003). Government regulations, insurance coverages, and common sense dictate relevant training that should be precondition to every employee. Still, few employers do not find it portentous to train their human force (Collin, 2003 Noon, 2001).A discouragement of not training is, also, the gap that arises when trainees are transferred from the tr aining course to a job, to apply their knowledge and skills in practice. As long as they are in a training centre, they are render from the realities of the rough and tumble workplace. For managers and team leaders, the problem of transferring from learning situation to the real conditions may be even more difficult because most of management training tends to deal with relatively abstract concepts like motivation and leadership, and the connection between what is being learned in the class room and what is really happening in work, may not always be apparent. That is why the training must always be compatible to employees needs (Armstrong, 2003, Noon, 2001).Another reason of not practicing training can be regarded the difficulty in measuring the effectiveness of a training program. Measuring cost of training needs a lot of efforts from the senior(a) manager because apart from training results are also other interacting variables such as administrative costs, relocation, course de sign and material costs that have to be taken into account. Therefore are different methods that can be used from the manager in order to derive an acceptable figure for the effectiveness of training course. Those methods vary from sector and companys size. Hence manager has to have the ability to choose the one, which fit to the business needs. Any failure to the accounting of training-cost can mislead to malign results, to an ineffective training proposal and that will discourage the company to practice training (Murley, 2007 Belcour, 1995t Gordon, 1991).Moreover, it can be said that firms are not invested in training because of the flexible working environment. They claim that investing in people can be a boomerang for their business competitive advantage, as it is likely employees will leave the company and transfer their knowledge into competitors firm. Despite the likelihood of this event, employers have to understand that the key for organizations success is the human factor . By investing in human asset training, they invest in employees commitment to the firm and more as the firm invests in the development of their skills (Armstrong, 2003 Craven 1994 Hall, 1991).It cannot be ignored the providence of the HRDF, a impose reimbursement scheme establishing in 1992. Under HRDF, employers pay a payroll contribution of one percent and are eligible to claim a flock of allowable training expenditures up to the limit of their total levy for any given year. The reimbursement rates vary by sector and type of training. Empirical compendium showed that firms least likely to claim from HRDF are small firms and firms providing no training or only informal training. Important factors that employers cite as inhibiting their training the limited resources available for it, the use of mature technology with low skill requirements, the adequacy of skills provided by schools, and the availability of skilled workers who can be hired from other firms (Tan and Gill, 1998). Generally, levy schemes have led to an increase in quantity of training. In some countries levy schemes have had some impact on increasing training. A common feature of schemes in which training has increased has been the fact that an effective system is in place for administering the levy both for levy collection as well as administration of grants. On the other hand, there were very complicated rules governing training requirements for the levy and the criteria for approval, dissuade employers from investing in it (Edwards, 1997).Firms which may have otherwise invested more in training, tend to reduce their effort to the level required by law in order to receive the minimum discount rate or tax credit. There is also some evidence which suggests that if firms are reluctant to train, they organize training which is not relevant to their needs in order to qualify for the rebate or tax credit. Additionally, smaller firms may be less likely to train their workers as they feel that cos ts are significant and the training which is provided may not be relevant to their needs. Even if training is provided, the bureaucracy involved in persuing reimbursements dissuades firms from submitting claims for reimbursements. (Herschbach, 1993).Concluding, this paper attempted to define the reasons why there are organizations that are reluctant to see their manpower as an important asset in business success and so invest on them and train them. Now, the interplay between the benefits that are derived from any form of training and the cost-effectiveness of training for the firms is seemed to be more clear. In general, companies which operate in the increasingly competitive international market were forced to attach training and development as equal to the vital acknowledgement that the training needs are more like an investment rather than a cost and that, partly due the cultural diversity that the international integration occurs and partly because of the rapid economic and tec hnological growth. All these also speculate the companies outlook on how important is the quality of those they recruit, because a companys image is as good as is its personnel and it is vital to select and train the best. (Upton, 1987) Unfortunately, in legion(predicate) cases this process is considered by many managers as meaningless, too time consuming, a bureaucratic exercise only, or even as something that intervene to their departments work. For some organizations, the nourishment and the wellbeing of the equipment and machinery seems more important than to make an effort to the wellbeing and development of their own employees (Sun, 2001). But as it has been already highlighted, the key for success, even profit, for any firm at any size is its human asset and to invest in them infer to business future (Hall, 1991, Armstrong, 2003).

Modified Huffman Coding Schemes Information Technology Essay

circumscribed Huffman Coding Schemes Information Technology EssayCHAPTER 2Document compression is a digital process. Therefor, before compressing the entropy , information about the document should be known. The CCITT algorithms deals with a foliate of size 8.5 x 11 edge. The page is divided into even and vertical lines. These flat lines atomic number 18 known as hang in over lines .Dots per inch and picture elements per inch atomic number 18 2 standards for image resolution. A 8.5 x 11 inch page is 1728 x 2cc pixels . One tire line is 1728 pixel long .the normal resolution is 200 x 100 dpi and a fine resolution is 200 x 200 dpi.Figure 2.1Each pixel is represented by 1 bit , the number of pixel that go out form the in a amplyer place page is 3,801,600. Although s end uping this info through an ISDN line it get out take approximately 7 min. If the resolution of the page is increased , the measure taken by the transmission will increase. indeed it is not important to transfer every exact bit of the binary page information. The most putting surfacely encoding used for CCITT compression is Modified Huffman which is supported by all the fax compression techniques. Other options used ar Modified Read and Modified Modified Read. The fol diminisheding knock back gives an overview of these encoding/decoding techniques.CharacteristicsMHMRMMHCompression efficiencyGoodBetterBestStandardT.4T.4T.6Dimension1-D2-D2-D(extended)AlgorithmHuffman and RLESimilarities between cardinal successive linesMore efficient MRTable 2.1 Comparisons of MH, MR and MMR2.1.1 Modified HuffmanThe fax pages are contains many gallops of white and black pixels which makes RLE efficient for minimizing these run lengths. The efficiently compressed run lengths are then combined with Huffman coding . Thus an efficient and simple algorithm is achieved by combining RLE with Huffman coding and this is known as Modified Huffman. RLE consists of terminating and piece codes.MH codin g uses specified tables for terminating and makeup codes. Terminating codes represent shorter runs while the makeup codes represents the longer runs. The white and black pixel runs from 0 to 63 are represented by terminating codes while great than 63 are represented with makeup codes which mean than greater than 63 bit runs are defined in multiples of 64 bits which are formed by the terminating codes. These tables are given in chapter 4. a examine line represented with long runs gives a make code which is less than or equal to the pixel run and then the difference is given by the terminating code. The amounting example will help in understanding how it works. .There are three different personas of bit pattern in MH codingPixel information (selective information )FillEOLThe term Fill refers to the extra 0 bits that are added to a small entropy line which cloys the left space in the data. The Fill patterns brings highly compressed scan line to a preferred minimum scan line judg ment of conviction ( MSLT) , which makes it complete and transmittable. discover a transmission rate of 4800 bps with an MSLT 10ms so the minimum bit per scan line is 48 bits.1728 pixels scan line is compressed to 43 bit . 31 data bit + 12 EOL bits which in total is 43 bits. The left space is filled by 5 Fill bits given as followScan line 1728 pixelsEOLRLE code4B3W2B1719W12 bits43 bitsBit pattern00110101 011 1000 11 01100001011000 00000 000000000000131 data bits fill patren EOL 48 bits -Figure 2.2 Modified Huffman expressionIn addition to this another special(prenominal) bit pattern used in the MH coding is EOL . EOL are special bit patterns which view as several different identification function i.e.EOL at the get-go of the scan line indicate the start of the scan of lineEOL at the end of the scan line consist of 11 0s followed by a 1. It helps in stopping the error from one scan line penetrating into other scan lines and for severally one line is independently coded.At th e end of each page an RTC signal is given which holds six EOL patterns which identifies the end of page .MODIFIED READMR is as well as known as Modified Relative Element address designated (READ). MR exploits the correlation between successive lines . It is known that cardinal consecutive lines have a very high percentage of single pixel enactment due to a very high resolution of the images. utilise this phenomena, instead of scanning each scan line as done in MH, MR takes in account a reference line and then encodes each scan line that follows. In fact it is more than appropriate to say that MR is more interwoven MH algorithm.MR encoding encounters some(prenominal) MH and MR coding technique. The reference line is encoded development MH and the subsequent line is encoded using MR encoding until the conterminous reference line appears. The decision on how to encounter the next reference line is taken by a tilt K. The vale of K defines the resolution of the compression.MR is a 2-Dimensional algorithm. The think of of K defines the number of lines that uses 2-Dimensional phenomena, which K-1 lines. However the reference line using the MH algorithm is using 1-dimension. For a normal resolution of an image the value of K is set to 2 the refrence line is encoded every second scan line. Where as the value of K set to 4 will give a higher resolution because the reference line is MH encoded every 4 line , making it more complex and compressed. The following take to shows scan lines for both resolution of K set to 2 and 4.MHMRMHMR-2 scan lines-For normal resolutionk = 2 , 1 MH line, 1 MR lineMHMRMRMRMHMRMRMR4 scan linesFor higher resolutionk = 4, 1 MH line , 3 MR linesfigure 2.3 modified read social organisationThe advantage of having low resolution over high resolution is that the error prorogation into the subsequent line is reduced with lower number of dependent scan lines. However in MR encoding the value of K can be set as high as 24.The change betwe en two subsequent line i.e. the refrence line and the next scan line given by MR can be given as followreference line b1 b2Scan line a0 a1 a2figure 2.4 MR 2-D coding.The nodes that are given in the figure above are described as followa0 is start of changing element in the coding line which is also the reference for the next changing elementsa1 first transition on the coding linea2 second transition on the coding lineb1 first transition on the reference line on the right of the a0 , first opposite color transitionb2 first transition on the reference line.In the above figure the reference line is coded with the MH coding while the next scan line is coded with MR. Hence it can be seen that there are very shaver changer between both the scan line. MR takes advantage of the minor changes and encodes only the changing elements a0 , a1 and a2 instead of the complete scan line. There are three available encoding modes of MR , which decide on how to code these changing elments of the scan line with respect to the reference line. These modes arePass modeVertical mode swimming modeAs it is due to these different modes of MR which makes it more complex algorithm. These MR functional modes are discussed in detail in chapter 3. And then one can reffer backbone to this part to completely understand it. The structure of MR is given as followEOL +1 entropy1-DfillEOL+0Data1-DEOL+1Data1-DfillEOL +0Data1-DEOL +1EOL +1EOL +1EOL +1EOL +1EOL +1K = 2EOL+1 MH coding of next lineEOL+0 MR coding of next lineFILL Extra 0 bitsRTC End of page with 6 EOLsFigure 2.5 Structure of MR data in a pageModified Modified ReadITU-T Recommendation T.6 gives the Modified Modified Read or MMR encoding algorithm. MMR is an upgraded adjustment of the MR. They are both 2-Dimensional algorithms alone MMR is an Extended version of the 2-Dimension. The fundamentals of MMR are same(p) as MR except a few minor changes to the algorithm however the modes of MR i.e. pass mode , vertical mode and horizontal mo de are same for MMR encoding.The major change in the MMR with respect to MR is the K parameter . The MMR algorithm dose not use the K parameter and recurring reference line. Instead of these the MMR algorithm uses an imaginary scan line which consist of all white pixels which is the first line at the start of each page and a 2-Dimension line follows till the end of the page. This introduced scan line of all whites is the reference line alike the MR.The error propagation in MMR has a very high predictability because of the connected coding method of all the scan lines. Thus ECM is required for MMR to be enabled. ECM guaranties error free MMR algorithm. Thus MMR dose not require any EOL however a EOFB (end of facsimile block) is required at the end of page which is the same as RTC in MH. The formation of data in MMR and the EOFB block bit sequence is given as follow.Data2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DData2-DEOFBscan lines of pageEOFB bit sequence0000000000001 0000000000001Figure 2.6 Scan lines in MMR page denounceged cypher level FormatTagged word-painting File Format( ado) is purely a graphical format i.e. pix elated, bitmap or rasterized. pettifoggery is a common file format that is found in most imaging programs. This discussion here cover majorly the TIFF standard of ITU-T.6 which is the latest. T.6 includes all the specification of the earlier versions with miniature addition. TIFF is flexible and has good power rating but at the same time it is more complex. Extensibility of TIFF makes it more difficult to design and understand. TIFF is as known by its name a tagged file that holds the information about the image. TIFF structure is organized into three parts human body file header (IFH)Bit map data (black and white pixels)Image File Directory(IFD)IFHBitmap dataIFDEOBFigure 2.7 File organization of TIFFConsider an example of three TIFF images file structures. These three structures hold the same data i n possible three different formats. The IFH or the header of TIFF is the first in all the three arrangements. However in the first arrangement IFDs are been written first and then followed by the image data which is efficient if IFD data is needed to be read quickly. In the second structure the IFD is followed by its particular image which is the most common internal structure of the TIFF. In the last example the image data followed by its IFDs. This structure is applicable if the image data is available before the IFDs.HeaderIFD0IFD1IFD nImage 0Image 1Image nHeaderIFD 0Image 0IFD 1Image 1IFD nImage nHeaderImage 0Image 1Image 3IFD 0IFD 1IFD nFigure 2.8 Different TIFF structuresImage File HeaderA TIFF file header is an 8-byte which is the start of a TIFF file. The bytes are organized in the following orderThe first two bytes defines the byte order which is either little endian (II)or big endian (MM). The little endian byte order is that it starts from least significant bit and ends o n the most significant and big endian is vice verse.II = 4949HMM = 4D4DHThe third and fourth bytes hold the value 42H which is the definition for the TIFF fileThe next fourth bytes holds the offset value for the IFD. The IFD may be at any location after the header but must begin after a word boundary.Byte order42Byte offset for IFDFigure 2.9 IFH structureImage File DirectoryImage file directory (IFD) is a 12 byte file that holds information about the image including the color , type of compression, length, width, physical dimension, location of the data and other such information of the image.Before the IFD there is a 2 byte tag counter. This tag counter holds the number of IFD used. Which is followed by a 12 byte IFD and a four 0 bytes at the end of the last byte. Each IFD intromission has the following formatThe first two bytes of the IFD hold the identification field. This filed gives information what sign of the image it is pointing to. This is also know as the tag.The next tw o bytes gives the type of of the IFD i.e. short, long etcThe next four bytes hold the count for the defined tag typeThe last two bytes hold the offset value for the next IFD which is always an even number. However the next IFD starts by a word difference. This vale offset can point anywhere in the Image even after the image data.The IFD are sorted in ascending order according to the Tag number. Thus a TIFF field is a logical entity which consist of a tag number and its vallueTag entry count2-bytesTag 012 bytesTag 112 bytesTag n12 bytesNext IFD offset ornull bytes4 bytesFigure 2.10 IFD structureThe IFD is the introductory tag file that hold information about the image data in a complete TIFF file. The data is either found in the IFD or retrieved from an offset location pointed in the IFD. Due to offset value to other location instead of having a fixed value makes TIFF more complex. The offset values in TIFF are in three placeslast four bytes of the header which indicates the positio n of the first IFDLast four bytes of the IFD entry which offsets the next IFD.The last four bytes in the tag may contain an offset value to the data it represents or possibly the data its selffiguer 2.11CCITT convertThis type of compression is used for facsimile and document imaging files. It is a losses type of image compression. The CCITT ( International telegraph and telephone consultative committee) is an organization which provides standards for communication protocol for black and white images or telephone or other low data rate data lines. The standards given by ITU are T.4 and T.6. These standards are the CCITT group 3 and group 4 compression methods respectively. CCITT group compression algorithms are designed specifically for encoding 1 bit image. CCITT is a non adaptive compression algorithm. There are fixed tables that are used by CCITT algorithms. The coded values in these tables were taken from a reference of set of documents containing both text and graphics.The comp ression ratio obtained with CCITT algorithms is much more higher than quarter size of the original image. The compression ratio for a 200 x 200 dpi image achieved with group 3 is 51 to 81 which is much increased with group 4 that is up to 151 with the same image resolution. However the complexity of the algorithms increases with the ratio of its comparisons. Thus group 4 is much more complex than group 3.The CCITT algorithms are specifically designed for typed or handwritten scanned images, other images with composition different than that of target for CCITT will have different runs of black and white pixels. Thus such bi-level images compressed will not give the required results. The compression will be either to a minimum or even the compressed image will be greater in size than the original image. Such images at maximum can achieve a ratio of 31 which is very low if the time taken by the comparisons algorithms is very high.The CCITT has three algorithms for compressing bi level images,Group 3 one dimensionalGroup 3 two dimensionalGroup 4 two dimensionalEarlier when group 3 one dimensional was designed it was targeted for bi level , black and white data that was processed by the fax machines. Group 3 encoding and decoding has the tendency of being fast and has a reputation of having a very high compression ratio. The error correction inside a group 3 algorithm is done with the algorithm itself and no extra hardware is required. This is done with special data inside the group3 decoder. Group 3 makes muse off MH algorithm to encode.The MMR encoding has the tendency to be much more efficent. Hence group 4 has a very high percentage of compression as compared to group 3 , which is almost half the size of group 3 data but it is much more time consumed algorithm. The complexity of such an algorithm is much more higher than that of group 3 but they do not have any error detection which propagates the error how ever special hardware configuration will be required f or this purpose. Thus it makes it a poor survival for image transfer protocols.Document imaging system that stores these images have adopted CCITT compression algorithms to save disk spaces. However in age of good bear upon speeds and handful of memory CCITT encoded algorithms are still needed printing and viewing o data as done with adobe files. However the transmission of data through modems with lower data rates still require these algorithms.Group 3 One Dimensional (G31D)The main features of G31D are given as followG31D is a variation of the Huffman type encoding known as Modified Huffman encoding.The G31D encodes a bi-level image of black and white pixels with black pixels given by 1 and white with 0s in the bitmap.The G31D encodes the length of a same pixel run in a scan line with protean length binary codes.The variable length binary codes are take from pre defined tables separate for black and white pixels.The variable code tables are defined in T.4 and t.6 specification foe ITU-T. These tables are determined by taking a number of typed and handwritten documents. Which were statistically analyzed to the show the average frequency of these bi level pixels. It was inflexible that run length occurring more frequently were assigned small code will other were given bigger codes.As G31D is a MH coding arrangement which is explained earlier in the chapter so we will give some example of the coding is carried out for longer run of same pixels. The coded tables have continuous value from 0 to 63 which are single terminating codes while the greater are coded with addition of make up codes for the same pixels, only for the values that are not in the tables for a particular pixel. The code from 64 to 2623 will have one makeup code and one terminating code while greater than 2623 will have multiple makeup codes. Hence we have two types of tables one is from 0 to 63 and other from 64 till 2560. The later table is selected by statistical analysis as explained a bove.Consider a pixel run for 20 black . Hence it is less than the 63 coded mark in the table . We will look for the value of 20 in the black pixel table which is 00001101000. hence this will be the terminating code for the 20 black pixel run which is have the size of the original. Thus a ratio 21 is achieved.Let us take the value cxx which is greater than 63 and is not present in the statistically selected pixel run. Here we will need a make up code and a terminating code. The pixel run can be broken into 64 which is the highest in the tables for this pixel run and 57 which will give 120 pixel run120 = 64 + 5764 coded value is 1101157 coded value is 01011010hence 120 is 11011 the make up code and 01011010 terminating code as given in the figure 2.11a.Now consider a bigger run of black pixel which is 8800. This can be given a sum of 4 make up and one terminating code8800 = 2560 + 2560 + 2560 + 1088 + 32which is 000000011111, 00000001111, 000000011111, 0000001110101 and 000000110101 0so it can be given as shown in figure 2.11b110111011010Makeup code terminating code2.11a makeup and terminating codes for 120OOOOOOO11111OOOOOOO11111OOOOOOO11111OOOOO111O1O11101010makeup makeup makeup makeup terminatingfigure 2.11b makeup and terminating codes for 8800Group 3 Two Dimensional (G32D)Group 4 Two Dimensional (G42D)

Application of Systems Theory in Social Work

Application of Systems speculation in affable WorkSystems in PracticeIntroductionThe United Kingdom Children Act 1989 (HMSO, 1989) sets forth all babec atomic number 18 law as much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) relates to children that are being accommodated by a Local Authority. At the core of the Children Act are the beliefs that children are served best when they are in their own homes (Devon County Council, 2007a). Additionally, the core beliefs of the Act are that the childs well-being is of the utmost importance, that the childs parents should stay involved in both and all legal proceedings concerning them, and that such a course of execution be avoided if possible (Devon County Council, 2007a). It, the Act, also holds that child welfare is to be promoted, and that children should stay within their families unless unavoidable (Devon County Council, 2007a). Lastly the needs of the child taking into account factors such as race, religion, culture as well as language fiddle critical facets. In those instances when a child comes under the care of a local anaesthetic authority, it is the responsibility of the local authority to see to the needs of children in these instances (Devon County Council, 2007b).The foregoing represents important back grounds considerations with regard to the foster care, and the principles underlying such. These basics represent the bags of each fostering care, posture, and related coats. This examination shall polish a case study on genial movement placement to delve into the manner in which the application of opening, and ideas as they relate to host work on accessible work practice.Hammond (2003, p. xi) indicates that the concept of systems is a theoretical framework in the physical sciences, the life sciences, and the genial sciences. The systems theory is generally acknowledged to get under ones skin begun with four good deal, Bertalanffy, Boulding, Gerard, and Rapoport, who met in 1954 at the Stanf ord Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Hammond, 2003, p. xiii). They founded the Society for General Systems Research, which has since sire the International Society for the Systems Sciences (International Society for the Systems Sciences , 2007). The systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of the sneak organization of phenomena, in a context that is independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The systems theory investigates both the principles common to all complex entities as well as models which can be used to describe them (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). In the context of cordial work, the systems theory, in its broadest sense, represents the interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with societal organization as delineate by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007).The complexity, yet simiplicity of what the systems theory is, is represented by the following expla nantion by Hammond (2003. p. 32) Although developments in engineering and management fields are highlighted in the technocratic approach to systems, the emergence of organismic conceptions in biology, psychology, and sociology during the early twentieth century was more important for the evolution of general systems thought. She continues Of course, biological concepts were interpreted in varying ways within different currents of systems thought, and were often appropriated to reenforce and legitimize managerial applications of systems concepts (Hammond, 2003, p. 32). Ludwig von Beralanffy (1968, p. xxiii), provides his description of systems theory as The humanistic concern of general system theory as I understand it makes a distinction to mechanistically oriented system theorists speaking solely in terms of mathematics, feedback and technology, and so giving rise to the fear that system theory is indeed the last step towards mechanization and devaluation of man and towards tec hnocratic society. The concept, while rather complex, does have a sense of simpliticity in that systems theory sincerely refers to a way of sentiment ab divulge or an approach to studying complex systems (Hammond, 2003. p. 104).Harris (2002, p. 2) advises that von Beralanffys approach was a more organismic approach to the study of complex systems, objecting to the narrow reductionism of definitive science. The systems theory, in terms of humans and the cordial sciences, as expressed by Harris (2002, p. 10) has something to offer in the articulation and implementation of a more sustaining and sustainable vision of humanitys future.In terms of social work, Harris (2002, p. 4) asserts, Within this framework, the welfare give in has provided the primary vehicle for the mediation of social work. Harris (2002, p. 4) continues, The institutional and organisational moldes of the welfare area have been the source of social works legal and moral authority and have constituted the mate rial conditions for its practice. Pinderhughes (1997, p. 20) tells us that Training practitioners for competence with divers(prenominal) populations is high on the list of corrective initiatives to address inadequacies in social work practice. Harris (2002, p. 4) indicates that social constitution is influenced by social proles who implement command on behalf of the state, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as pros. Importantly, Harris (2002, p. 4) points out The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on the one hand, and of renovation users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition. The law not only defines the ends of social work, but constitutes the source of social workers authority for the factor by which they intervene in service users lives in the pursuit of statutory duties. Johnson (1972, p. 77) interprets the prior by stating that social work is not mediated by its context, rather, it is a mediated professions whereby the state decides the clientele as well as what should be provided on their behalf.Harris (1999, pp. 915-937) tells us that social work represents the operational embodiment of the welfare states intervention in exclusive citizens lives. In understanding the context of social work in the United Kingdom, Briggs (1961, p. 228) defines the welfare state a state in which organised power is deliberately usedto modify the play of market forcesfirst, by guaranteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective of the market value of their work or their property second, by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet accredited social contingencies, for example, sickness, old age and unemployment which lead other than to individual and family crises and third, by ensuring that all citizens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standard available in relation to a certain agreed range of social services. The preceding is important in understanding the forces behind social work and how such impacts upon its application, usage and context on lives, as well as the conscious and unconscious view that the public has.In helping to shape this picture further, Marshalls (1963, p. 74) helps to color the pallette further in explaining that the social element means the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the dependable in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilised being according to the standards prevailing in the society He continues that The institutions most close connected with it are the educational system and the social services (Marshall, 1963, p. 74) In fact, social work plays an important part in linking the state to its populace as it represents the physical human link between government and what it does for the people that can be seen, felt and touched. Or in other words, used State functions such as roads, infrastructure, sustainable communities, parks, airports, laws, police, and all of the others services that the state provides are on that point in a physical sense, such as roads, etc, or there for instances of danger, such as the police and armed forces. Social work is a helping, touchy arm of the state that reaches us in the same manner as health services. Wootton (1959, p. 298-299) offers a description in stating that The social worker who does for the run of ordinary people what confidential secretaries and assistants do for the favoured few is putting a genuine professional skill at the disposal of those who may properly be called her clients and she is as innate to the functioning of a welfare state as is lubrication to the running of an engine. Without her the machinery would isolate up.Marshall (1975, p. 205) illustrates the preceding by referring to social workers as the mechanics that apply their expertise to the lubrication of the welfare state engine were professionals use their expertise in the delivery of social services. The government, along with social work identify the segment of the population that requires assistance and thus through budgeting and policy, allocates the resources to meet those needs (Alaszewski and Manthorpe, 1990, p. 237). Interestingly, as the areas of accepted social work practice have come to be seen as the norm, and injustice was make less tolerable, historically, new services were thus clamoured for to face other needs thus explaining the growing nature of the state and social care (Harris, 2002, p. 13)Gertrude Wilson is generally acknowledged as being a key individual in the development of group work (Smith, 2004). Her first book Case Work and Group Work put forth the integrated approach to social work practice which is ground in the theory that personal problems stem from both internal and extraneous sources, and thus must be investigated and examined in tandem (Sm ith, 2004). Her definition of group work states that 1) it is developmental, in that it provides for normal social growth, 2) is protective or corrective, representing that it can be offered to people without groups, 3) and that it is instrumental in terms of achieving socially desirable ends (Smith, 2004). The last facet thinks the understanding of each members personalities, the influence of the social worker in terms of their interaction on the group, and the touch on of participation (Smith, 2004). A key facet of this process represents the capability to assist participants in dealing with conflict and in accepting outsiders (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She points to the preceding as essential in making the group work relationship become reciprocal (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). It is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, gluiness within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside wo rld (McDermott, 2002, p. 14).Trecker (1948, p. 7) advises, social group work represents one method on the profession of social work. He indicates that social case work and connection organization work represent the other methods. Trecker (1948, p. 7) believes that a definition of social group work is easier to describe than define. He sees it as a method that is comprised of an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups (Trecker, 1948 pp. 7-8). Trecker goes on to add that the method is a conscious cognitive operation, a designed means of achieving a goal (1948, pp. 8). Additionally, he adds that it is a method is a way of doing something, but underneath the doing we always discover an integrated arrangement of knowledge, understanding and principles. (Trecker, 1948 pp. 8).Important to the understanding of group work in the context of social work placement is the family. Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 4) help to provide perspective in stating, Human beings can b e understood and helped only in the context of the intimate and unchewable human systems of which they are a part, of which the family is one of the most important. Smith (1995, p. 7) elaborates in stating, there is no single, correct definition of family. Rather, there are s flat-fold definitions derived from particular theoretical perspectives. She adds, No one theory could satisfactorily represent the truth, but the many ways we look at families can help us to better understand them (Smith, 1995, p. 7). Lastly, we shall take a look at Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 30), who tell usA family becomes a family when two or more individuals have headstrong they are a family, that in the intimate, here-and-now environment in which they gather, there is a sharing of emotional needs for closeness, of living space which is deemed home, and of those roles and tasks necessary for coming together the biological, social and psychological requirements of the individuals involved.The preceding has been included to aid in rounding out the important external as well as internal elements that are factors in a case study concerning social work placement.A StudyOne of the most important, delicate, and critical functions carried on by social work is the placement of children in foster homes. As can be imagined, it represents an important as well as confidential process for the child as well as the placement team engaged in the process. Owing to that confidentiality, direct case files are not available, only synopsis of placement studies entailing the methodologies employed. Placement stories entail descriptions of external variables as indicated by basic placement overviews, but not the substance. The Bracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) provided an equitable resource in that it provides an outline of the procedures, and practice guidelines concerning foster placement arrangements made under private fostering regulations. Under the new regulations governing the placement of children, local authorities must be satisfied concerning the suitable nature of any proposed arrangement (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing is not the case, then said local authority must exercise its powers ether prohibit and or impose requirements anterior to the child being fostered, along with any and all needed safeguards.In understanding the nuances of social work placement, certain descriptions and definitions of a few terms leave aid in the understanding of the process. A privately fostered child represents any child under the age of 16 years of age, 18 if disabled, that is cared for and accommodated for 28 consecutive days or longer by someone other that the childs parent, relative or someone provided with parental responsibility as provided by the parent for said instance (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The carers responsibility entails an individual who does not have parental responsibility for a particular child, however does have car e of the child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The definition indicates that the carer may do what is reasonable in terms of any, and all circumstances to safeguard, and or promote the welfare of that child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). In terms of the duties of the local authority, which represents an extremely important facet in the placement of a child, said local authority has a amount of important duties to fulfill. These entail factors such as 1) publise advise and information, 2) discover compliance with regulations, 3) carry out proper checks and visits, 4) ensure children under care is safeguarded in amity to regulations, 5) ensure timely officer visits, 6) ensure visited children are seen alone and interviewed, 7) investigate al complaints, 8) inform parents or other authorized individuals of the childs welfare, 9) ensure authority satisfaction with foster placement, 10) monitor compliance, 11) take appropriate action(s), 12) annual evaluations sen t to Director of Childrens Services on placements and outcomes (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005).The family placement social worker has the following responsibilities. First, they conduct the initial suitability evaluation of the proposed foster carers as well as all other household members (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). Next, the social work conducts an evaluation of the accommodations, and neighbourhood environment, and forms a close liaison with the social worker of the child concerning placement suitability and the potency of the placement in meeting the needs of the child as well as the likelihood of furthering the childs welfare (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). With the preceding handled, the social worker then makes recommendations concerning the suitability of a meeting with all parties (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing steps have all concluded positively, the social workers ongoing responsibilities thus entail providing s upport, as well as assistance to the carer and others as appropriate and or necessary (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005).The preceding board steps represent the outline of the procedures in child placement. In a actual case, the steps as well as details are more defined. In an actual placement, the fieldwork staff conducts contacts with the parent, if such is the case, and the proposed foster carers (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). After all the relevant steps under the preceding have been seen to, the assessment is forwarded to the placement social worker, provided the foregoing has met requirements, and the placement process begins.The summary placement outline above brought into the equation the concept of social work from its broader perspective as brought forth by Harris (2002, p. 4) where he indicates that social policy is influenced by social workers who implement legislation on behalf of the state, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as profe ssionals. The statement continues with The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on the one hand, and of service users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition (Harris, 2002, p.4). The preceding refers to the rules, procedures and requirements that must be adhered to by the placement agency, social workers and all other involved in the process.The aspect of group work is evident throughout the entire process, even before it begins. The local authority, placement agency, field workers, placement social worker, and child social worker all are engaged under the same regulated adjectival network, even if no cases, and or placements are being handled. The regulations call for consistent, and constant monitoring of outstanding placement, thus requiring and causing the varied teams, and individuals to maintain contact. That ongoing working relationship represents the group work theory in practice and application. Trecker (1948, p. 7) described group work as an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups. To the preceding Trecker (1948, p. 8) added the method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving a goal. McDermoot (2002, p. 3) adds to the foregoing in stating Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groupsas staff members, as colleaguesusing groups as intervention strategies.The initial contact stage starts this collative group work process in the placement environment. The family placement social worker meets with the field social worker and discusses the proposed placement, obtaining a imitation of the reports (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The trust and competence issues are strong in that each step in the process relies heavily on the steps that preceded it. As a result, the systems theory represents the unde rpinning that binds the entire process. It also represents the underlying framework that constitutes how the rules, regulations and processes were devised and set up, as well as their ongoing modification as information, expertise and experience warrants. To review, the systems theory investigates both the principles common to all complex entities as well as models which can be used to describe them (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). Ludwig von Beralanffy explains that an important element of the systems theory really refers to a way of thinking just about (Hammond, 2003. p. 104). The systems theorys interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with social organization as represented by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007) represents the underpinning via which the described rules, procedures, regulations, follow up, monitoring, interview, research, and evaluation processes take place. The intial contacts as well as checks conducted by the placement social worker inclu de interdepartmental checks on the proposed carer as well as information gleaned in the initial and follow up meetings and interviews (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005).All of these steps as well as the ones that follow are elements of the systems theory, foundations of social work and group theory. If one steps back from the process and reviews the overall steps again, the relevance of the systems theory begins to take shape. It, the systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, in a context that is independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The steps in the active procedure do take place in a temporal time frame. However, the functioning of the system of rules, regulations and procedures is always active, functioning and waiting to be utilized whether there is something engaging it or not. In this context, the foregoing precepts underpinning the systems theory gains clarity.McDermott (2002, p. 14) aids in bringing the group work concept into the preceding placement situation in her discussion of reciprocity. She states that it is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, and cohesion within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside world (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). The foregoing aptly describes the internal working mechanism of the group which at the investigating stage centers upon the placement social worker, and later pulls in the childs social worker to complete the process. This continues with the evaluation of suitability concerning the carers as well as other family and household members. Through the utilization of the systems theory, all contingencies are evaluated and considered as a part of the whole, and extended whole.In reviewing the process in terms of the lessons learned, and potential for different application(s) in the futu re, is a prospect of evolution. Regardless of how correctly the system seems from the review of the procedural steps, there is always room for betterment as a result of the human factor, group work, systems theory and social work contexts. The potential for human error looms as the biggest failing point in that the entire procedural methodology is based, dependent and reliant upon human input, decisions, evaluation and observations. The central component in the process the placement social worker who makes the final determination based upon the salient inputs from all other quarters. And while it is true that the field work social worker as well as the child social worker could potential taint the input and results, it is the placement social worker that sorts and arrives at the determination. Thus, as the potential weak segment within the process, a phased step review whereby a second placement social worker, or supervisor briefed at every turn, periodically steps in at any stage in the live process and makes observations, suggestions, and or calls for additional information to shore up the potential for error, and or critical factors needing closer attention, and or review. In addition, computer molding of the effectiveness of the group members as an evaluation projection, would serve to alert the supervisory personnel to the potential for weak points in one of the tam member indite as a signal for either an additional check, and or review.ConclusionThe seemingly distant facets of systems theory, group work, and social work as a gummy aspect of placement requires the long view in order to see the fit of these elements up close. At the heart of these theoretical and practical applications is a child, which is and trunk the focus of these aspects. Thus, with the well being and welfare of a vulnerable human being at stake, the processes, systems, regulations, rules and procedures can never be too precise, careful or correct, as the cost of error is incalcu lable.McDermott (2002, p. 1) says, You have to have done a bit (of group work) yourself to understand the process. In terms of the context of this examination, McDermoot (2002, p. 3) advises that Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groupsas staff members, as colleaguesusing groups as intervention strategies. She adds, group work is about building bonds between people which depend on the establishment of trusting relationships (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She further elaborates, It is also about helping to forge connections between people who may be different or unlike one another. This latter activityfinding common ground across differencesis the more difficult, and it is here that group workers and participants require knowledge and skills (McDermott, 2002, p. 14).The foregoing summarizes the interlinked aspects of the process that call for increased cohesion as we ll as improvement through modification, interpersonal relationships and skills, as well as understanding that the potential for error always exists, and can hide itself anywhere in the process. With that consideration top(prenominal) in the minds of the participants, the occurrence is less likely to happen.BibliographyAlaszewski, A. and Manthorpe, J. (1990) Literature review the unused Right and the professions. Vol. 20. British Journal of Social WorkBracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) Private lift Policy, Procedures Practice Guidance. Retrieved on 13 may 2007 from http//www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/Briggs, A. (1961) The welfare state in historical perspective. Vol. 2. No. 2. European Journal of SociologyDevon County Council (2007a) The Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http//www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fos-law-relat-to-child/fos-law-relat-to-child2.htmDevon County Council (2007b) The Local Authority Fostering Serv ice. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http//www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fostering-service.htmHammond, D. (2003) The Science of Synthesis Exploring the Social Implications of General Systems Theory. University mash of Colorado, Boulder, Co., United StatesHarris, J. (1999) State social work and social citizenship. Vol. 5. British Journal of Social Work,Harris, J. (2002) The Social Work Business. Routledge, Boulder, Co., United StatesHartman, A., Laird, J. (1983) Family-Centered Social Work Practice. Free Press, New York, United StatesHMSO (1989) Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htmInternational Society for the Systems Sciences (2007) Home Page. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http//www.isss.org/Johnson, T.J. (1972) Professions and Power. London Macmillan.Ludwig von Bertalanffy, (1952) General System Theory Foundations, Development, Applications. George Braziller, New York, United StatesMarshall, T.H. (1963) Citizenship and social class. Heinemann, London, United KingdomMarshall, T.H. (1975) Social Policy in the Twentieth Century. Hutchinson, London, United KingdomMcDermott, F. (2002) Inside Group Work A Guide to Reflective Practice. Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, New South WalesPrincipia Cybernetica Web (2007) What is Systems Theory? Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http//pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SYSTHEOR.htmlPinderhughes, E. (1997) Developing diversity competence in child welfare and permanency planning. In G. R. Anderson, A. S. Ryan, and B. R. Leashore. The Challenge of Permanency Planning in a multicultural Society. Haworth, New York, United StatesSmith, S. (1995) Family theory and multicultural family studies. In Goldsby, B., Smith, S. Families in Multicultural Perspective. Guilford Press, New York, United StatesSmith, M. (2004) Gertrude Wilson and social group work. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http//www.infed.org/thinkers/wilson.htmTrecker, H. (1948) Social Group Work Principles and Practices. Womans Press, New York, United StatesWootton, B. (1959) Social Science and Social Pathology. Allen Unwin, London, United Kingdom

Limited Government :: Persuasive, The Constitution

In the previous week I agreed with the philosophy of originalism and felt that the Founding Fathers had crapd a timeless framework for our government in the spirit. They certainly did not expect the modern government we moderate now to get past their carefully worded Constitution. I do believe they thought they had protected us and were right in their mistrust of the government and the loss of individual freedom which comes with its growth. The Founders aim in the Constitution was to declare their reasons for independence and show the choice of government they chose over the large unresponsive English Government (Pilon, Page 259). Pilon further explains the only reason to have government is to keep the rights it is bound to protect. Our right to individual pursuit of happiness is perhaps our own idea of utopia. Kristol (Page 299) suggests this crisis of modernity will require new ideas or new versions of old ideas, We are guaranteed this right of individual pursuit in the Declaration of Independence - as long as our pursuit does not victimize or obstruct anothers pursuit. David Boaz (American Vision and Values, Page 86) expressed dischargely, the Americans sought to devise a constitution that would limit the government..to make it clear that the Constitution was not a general grant of power to the government. I believe Ronald Reagan spoke for us all in his Message to Washington, February 20, 2009 (http//www.youtube.com/ keep?v=mAwAY0LH9hg&feature=related) Our Constitution is a document in which we the people tell the government what it is allowed to do. We the people are free. Government seemed to maintain a caterpillar track consistent with the Constitution until the period 1890s to 1920s known as the Progressive Era. This era happened to be about the same time as Roosevelts New Deal, but it is not directly related. The creation of a fourth branch of government seemed to appear with the Administrative Branch. The bureaucracy did not really create another branch of government, but did implement agencies which were to oversee legislation and empowered it with broad governing authority (Pestritto, Page 203). Machiavelli (The Prince, Page 229) speaks at length employ the term Prince to explain how to acquire and maintain political power, Therefore it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them.

Piracy in the Media Essay -- Technology Music Entertainment Papers

Piracy in the Media In todays technological age and consumer-driven economy, it is not a surprise that media piracy is a big business. It is estimated that in one year $12.4 billion worth of business is stolen from original manufacturers by media pirating. Piracy, the illegal copying or counterfeiting of right of first publicationed material, is a major problem for a vast range of industries (Ang, 2001). For example, just in the recorded music industry, music pirates account for almost $ three hundred million in lost record sales annually in the United States (Gray Zone, 2002), and that is just in the U.S. More is lost in foreign markets. This not only affects the media manufacturers but also the consumers of the media. They become the victims of piracy that ultimately result in the driving up of prices of legitimate products. Distributors and retailers have been affected, too. Nearly forty percent of the retail markets business has been stolen (Gray Zone, 2002). Befor e we begin discussing the piracy of music, television, and motion pictures, it is important to understand what exactly piracy and counterfeiting is and the laws that prohibit them. Counterfeits, referred to as pirated media, atomic number 18 defined as reproduced copies that are identical to the legitimate articles including packaging, trademarks, and labeling (Ang, 2001). To protect the creators of original material from being pirated, laws were formed known as copyright laws. A copyright is a protection that covers published and published literary, scientific and artistic works, whatever the form of expression, provided such works are fixed in a existent or material form (Copyright, 2002), and with copyright protection, the creator of the original material has the ex... ...ilable online http//www.cable.mediapiracy/hawkins/cablemonthly/2000/7845332.html (accessed October 24, 2002).Gray Zone (2002). The Federal Anti-Piracy and Bootleg FAQ. Available online http//www.grayzone .com/faqindex.htm (accessed September 26, 2002).Gross, Lynne, and Schafer (1995). The International being of Electronic Media. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Internet News (2000). Artists Against Piracy Launches National Media Campaign. July 11. Available online http//www.internetnews.com/ec-news/ (accessed October 30, 2002).Newsweek (October 21, 2002). Heard on the Street.Rodmen, George (2001). Making Sense of Media An Introduction to Mass Communication. Needham Heights, Ma Alyn & Bacon.What is Copyright security? (2002). What is Copyright Protection? Available online http//www.whatiscopyright.org/copyright.html (accessed October 31, 2002).